Publications
The purpose of the article is to present a methodological approach to assessing the state of the risk to the environment from man-made emergencies at chemically hazardous sites. The methodological approach is based on an expert method, the use of which allowed the authors to create the structure of the risk management system and, determine the plurality of criteria parameters while taking into account their weight in the formation of the environmental consequences of chemical accidents. Criteria parameters were grouped into clusters of physicochemical and toxicological properties of hazardous chemicals used at a chemical plant, equipment operating at an enterprise, personnel, and environmental vulnerability. The research became the basis of the Guidelines for Assessing the Environmental Risk from Emergencies at Chemically Hazardous Sites. As an example, the article presents the calculation of the level of environmental risk for a terrestrial site from the metallurgical enterprise LLP Kazakhmys Smelting, in Zhezkazgan town, Republic of Kazakhstan. The developed methodology is the basis of the Information and Analytical System for Assessing the Environmental Consequences of Man-made Emergencies, which allows users to facilitate the implementation of a set of measures aimed to forecast and reduce the impact of emergency’s damaging factors on the environment.
Trends and Issues in Doctoral Education: A Global Perspective serves two simple yet complex purposes—to understand the current realities in doctoral education in key countries and to examine current and proposed reforms. Fourteen country case studies and one regional case study present a range of global practices and focus on key issues facing doctoral education worldwide. Together with the literature review and the analysis of changes in doctoral education around the world over the past three decades by Maresi Nerad, the case studies provide the basis for this concluding discussion of the broader issues and themes suggested by the previous chapters.
The article provides an assessment of the factors that may affect the probability and intensity of physical activity among young Russians aged 15–24. The analysis is based on the data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS), 2000–2016 (N = 21,703). Econometric analysis shows that there is a positive relationship between the physical activity probability and the indicators such as educational level, household per capita income, and living in capital cities. There is also a negative relationship between the probability of physical activity and individual’s characteristics such as smoking, family status (marriage), employment status (having a job). Relationship between the probability and intensity of physical activity and such features as alcohol consumption, body mass index and subjective health assessment is inconclusive. Implementation of measures aimed at increasing the physical activity of young Russians taking into account the stimulating or restraining factors may increase the productivity of physical exercise and further improve health condition and contribute to a longer lifespan in Russia
The study focuses on the issue of gender discrimination in pay among university faculty in Russia, a country with an exceptionally high share of female faculty in higher education. Using a comprehensive and nationally representative survey of university faculty, we found that although women in academia earn considerably less than men, gender inequality among university faculty is lower than in the non‐academic sector. The study shows that gender differences in pay can be mainly explained by vertical gender segregation: women are less likely to achieve senior positions in the university hierarchy, which brings a high wage premium. Another explanation is horizontal segregation, when there is a prevalence of male faculty in Moscow‐based universities, which provide a considerable wage premium compared to regional ones. A decomposition of the gender wage gap shows that slightly more than half of it can be explained by observable factors, while the rest can be attributed to discrimination and unobservable characteristics. Within the unexplained part the major part can be attributed to favoritism towards men and the minor part to discrimination against women. We found some evidence that faculty in research universities, which actively implement performance‐related pay, experience less gender inequality.
Russian Doctoral Education: Between Teaching and Research
Purpose
The paradigm of school-to-work transition is changing, with an increasing number of students combining work and study. Furthermore, there exists some mixed evidence for the impact of student employment on future earnings and employment likelihood. The purpose of the present paper is to examine additional evidence that would shed light on the pros and cons of student work as a function of whether or not it matches the student’s field of study. We also discuss practical implications for specialists who facilitate the transition of graduates to the job market.
Design/methodology/approach
This is a quantitative study based on the National Statistical Survey of Graduate Employment (SGE) conducted by the Russian Federal State Statistic Service (Rosstat) in 2016 with the help of statistical methods of data analysis (logistic regression, Mincer equations). The analysis makes use of monthly earnings.
Findings
We show that student work is a predictor of higher employment chances for both university and vocational college graduates. Moreover, the highest employment chances are associated with student work that is well matched to the field of study. As for earnings, the greatest returns are again associated with work related to a graduate’s major. Jobs unrelated to education significantly correlate with earnings only for university graduates.
Research limitations/implications
An important limitation of the present study is its consideration of the effects of student employment over a relatively short-term period only, making use of data on employment just after graduation and starting salaries. These findings suggest the need for further study of graduate competencies and the process of their acquisition.
Practical implications
Our findings suggest some directions for education development. The results can be used to analyze the government’s and other stakeholders’ initiatives in the field of vocational and higher education.
Social implications
The research results can be used by a wide range of stakeholders interested in graduate employment as a source of data for designing policy for improving graduates’ employability.
Originality/value: Our study obtained data on the impact of student work on later employment. Tertiary graduates get returns from all work experience, while VET graduates earn more only if their student employment is consistent with their field of study.
Purpose
The paradigm of school-to-work transition is changing, with an increasing number of students combining work and study. Furthermore, there exists some mixed evidence for the impact of student employment on future earnings and employment likelihood. The purpose of the present paper is to examine additional evidence that would shed light on the pros and cons of student work as a function of whether or not it matches the student’s field of study. We also discuss practical implications for specialists who facilitate the transition of graduates to the job market.
Design/methodology/approach
This is a quantitative study based on the National Statistical Survey of Graduate Employment (SGE) conducted by the Russian Federal State Statistic Service (Rosstat) in 2016 with the help of statistical methods of data analysis (logistic regression, Mincer equations). The analysis makes use of monthly earnings.
Findings
We show that student work is a predictor of higher employment chances for both university and vocational college graduates. Moreover, the highest employment chances are associated with student work that is well matched to the field of study. As for earnings, the greatest returns are again associated with work related to a graduate’s major. Jobs unrelated to education significantly correlate with earnings only for university graduates.
Research limitations/implications
An important limitation of the present study is its consideration of the effects of student employment over a relatively short-term period only, making use of data on employment just after graduation and starting salaries. These findings suggest the need for further study of graduate competencies and the process of their acquisition.
Practical implications
Our findings suggest some directions for education development. The results can be used to analyze the government’s and other stakeholders’ initiatives in the field of vocational and higher education.
Social implications
The research results can be used by a wide range of stakeholders interested in graduate employment as a source of data for designing policy for improving graduates’ employability.
Originality/value: Our study obtained data on the impact of student work on later employment. Tertiary graduates get returns from all work experience, while VET graduates earn more only if their student employment is consistent with their field of study.
More than half of Russian university students combine study and work and dedicate on average 2/3 of their working week to paid work. A significant motivation for employment while studying, in addition to financial motivation, is the necessity to obtain work experience, which is valued by employers as an additional signal of the abilities of university graduates and their soft skills. Student employment does not considerably affect academic achievement due to the relatively low educational workload and the limited intensity of student employment. There is a significant and large positive effect of student employment on salaries of graduates in the early stages of their careers.
This chapter draws on literature from across different countries to paint a general picture of the state of doctoral education, and highlights major themes and common issues in different higher education systems. The review covers, and as such is limited to, literature available in English. Also, as it sets out to scan literature across common themes, the review focuses less on in-depth, country-specific case studies.
The chapter begins by elaborating the centrality of doctoral education, followed by a discussion of its purposes. Labour market conditionsand quality are the next two themes that are discussed. Variations based on different considerations and major trends in contemporary doctoral education are also explored. Finally, common challenges across systems and possible prospects are discussed.
Wage adjustments for employees are a reactive mechanism to changing market conditions and form a significant part of pay policy. Though various attempts to explore wage levels and wage differentials have been made, wage adjustment policies remain an understudied topic. This paper analyses the determinants of wage adjustments based on data from Russian companies 2015–2017. The analysis is based on detailed data from an employer survey which covers more than 5,000 firms in both the public and private sector. The study adopts probit models to identify the reasons for wage revisions, depending on internal employer characteristics and external labour market conditions. The results are in line with previous research on the topic and suggest that both internal and external factors influence wage adjustments. A wage adjustment is a reflection of an ability to pay, meaning that revisions are often made by successful firms with high employee turnover. Institutional frameworks, especially trade union activity, affects a firm’s decision to adjust wages, despite the widely-held opinion regarding the insignificance of unions in Russia. This study contributes to the limited literature by analysing the determinants of wage policies depending on a firm’s characteristics. This is the first study of its kind based on extensive Russian data.
The book can be useful for economists, demographers, sociologists, specialists on labour relations, socialand demographic policies.
Labour resources of countries are important for their economic growth and national security. The problem of the native population decline in many countries is solved by increasing an influx of international immigrants. Russia is not an exception. The main research object of this study is the special category of immi- grants – foreign-born population. The character of integration of foreign-born pop- ulation on the Russian labour market is the main research subject in this study. For our analysis we use the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey data of 2006–2012 and apply Oaxaca–Blinder decompositions. Our findings show that integration of the foreign-born in the Russian labour market depends on their ethnicity and income level. The ethnic Russian foreign-born have similar income compared to the natives. However, income of the non-Russian ethnic foreign-born is lower than income of the natives. At the same time, the income differences between two groups decrease with their income level growth.
